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Hueytown, Alabama

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Coordinates: 33°26′16″N 86°59′51″W

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hueytown is a city in western Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Birmingham metropolitan area, and was part of the heavy industry development in this area in the 20th century. The population was 16,776 at the 2020 census.^[4]

Hueytown was the home of the Alabama Gang, famous in NASCAR stock car racing. In 1992 the city became known for the unexplained "Hueytown Hum", a mysterious noise later thought to be caused by large underground ventilation fans used in a nearby coal mine.

Its nearby residential and business communities were damaged by an F5 tornado on April 8, 1998 and by an EF4 tornado on April 27, 2011.

Geography[edit]

This city is located at 33°26′16″N 86°59′51″W (33.437709, -86.997579).^[6]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.145 square miles (52.18 km²), of which 19.979 square miles (51.75 km²) is land and 0.166 square miles (0.43 km²), is water.^[2]

It is accessible from I-20/59 exits 112 and 115.

Demographics[edit]

2020 census[edit]

As of the 2020 census, there were 16,776 people, 6,545 households, and 4,553 families residing in the city.^[9] The population density was 852.7 inhabitants per square mile (329.2/km²) There were 7,128 housing units.

2010 census[edit]

As of the 2010 census, there were 16,105 people, 6,412 households, and 4,517 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,388.4 inhabitants per square mile (536.1/km²). There were 6,998 housing units at an average density of 603.3 per square mile (232.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 70.0% White, 27.2% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. 2.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6,412 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

2000 census[edit]

As of the 2000 census, there were 15,364 people, 6,155 households, and 4,517 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,323.7 inhabitants per square mile (511.1/km²). There were 6,519 housing units at an average density of 561.7 per square mile (216.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.81% White, 15.49% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. 0.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6,155 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

Economy[edit]

The median income for a household in the city was $41,225, and the median income for a family was $49,380. Males had a median income of $36,087 versus $26,025 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,735. About 5.3% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Industrial history[edit]

Although the Hueytown area has a history of farming, it has been a part of both the steel and coal mining industries in Jefferson County.

William & Joseph Woodward formed The Woodward Iron Company on New Year's Eve, 1881. With William as company president and Joseph as company secretary, the brothers purchased the plantation of Fleming Jordan. The plantation had originally been developed by his father, Mortimer Jordan, in 1828. The plantation included portions of present-day Hueytown and was one of the largest cotton plantations in the area.

On the former site of Mrs. Jordan's rose garden, Woodward Furnace No. 1 began operation on August 17, 1883. A second furnace went into blast in January 1887 and the two furnaces had a daily output of 165 tons. A mine also went into operation in the Dolomite community, which is today mostly within the City of Hueytown. By 1909, there was a third furnace and a daily capacity of 250,000 tons with a workforce of 2000 men on the payroll.

By the 1920s Woodward Iron's many expansions made it one of the nation's largest suppliers of pig iron. Joseph's son, A. H. (Rick) Woodward, had become Chairman of the Board of Woodward Iron, and was one of the most prominent citizens of Alabama. He is probably best remembered as the owner of the Birmingham Barons minor league baseball team and the namesake of Rickwood Field, the nation's oldest professional baseball park still in use.

In 1968, Mead Corporation acquired Woodward Iron just as the steel industry was going into decline. In 1973, the last blast furnace closed, and Koppers Corporation bought the remaining coke production plant. Eventually, even Koppers had closed coke production as well. Much of the 1,200-acre (490 ha) site today has been re-developed for lighter industrial use.^[10]

Coal mining began about the start of the 20th century at Virginia Mines. Today this section of Hueytown contains mostly subdivisions of homes (Virginia Estates and Edenwood). However, some of the original buildings from its mining past remain, including the superintendent's house, multiple supervisors' houses, and two company-built churches.

Some source^[who?] say veteran prospector Truman H. Aldrich assembled these lands as part of his extensive coal properties, others cite two red-headed brothers, George and E. T. Shuler, as having opened the Virginia Mine in 1902. Having recently arrived from Virginia City, Nevada, they named their new mine after that western city. A mine disaster in February 1905 caused extensive damage. An underground explosion, one of the worst recorded mining disasters in Alabama history, entombed the entire day crew and caved in the mine entrance. When rescuers finally cleared the 1500-foot-deep (150 m) shaft, they found 106 men dead and 20 dead mules.

In 1936, Republic Steel purchased the mine. It continued to be worked until September 1953, when it closed permanently.^[11]

Government[edit]

The City of Hueytown was incorporated on December 3, 1959, and operates under a Mayor-Council form of government. The Mayor is elected to a four-year term. The five City Council members are also elected to four-year terms. Originally elected at-large, the city changed to single-member districts in the 1990s which resulted in the creation of one majority-minority council district. Neither position is term-limited.^[12]

Mayor C.C. "Bud" Newell died in office. The President of the City Council, Gerald Hicks, was then elevated to the position of Mayor and completed the remaining years of the term.

The original Alderman for the City of Hueytown in 1960 were as follows:^[13]

• J. P. Campbell
• Prude T. Cowen, Sr.
• Myrtle T. Durrett
• David N. Kornegay
• R. G. Wall

Listed below is a partial list (alphabetical) of former members of The City Council who were not otherwise members of the original Council.

• Richard Autry
• Allan Brown
• Ken Burns
• Gerald Bush
• Phillip Contorno (2004-2020)
• John Linden Cox (1976–1980)
• Phifer Crane (2004-2020)
• Neil Ferguson
• Jimmy Forrester
• Georgia Grey Hampton
• Gerald Hicks
• Brad Hinton (1984–1988)
• Lillian P. Howard
• JoAnn Logan (the first minority member ever elected to the Council)
• Carole Marks
• Raleigh Rheuby
• Lewis Robertson
• Ray Robertson (2004-2016)
• Howard Segars
• J. B. Skates (1976–1980)
• Charles Young

Schools and education history[edit]

The Hueytown area has been served by many schools over the past one hundred years. Most of these have been public schools of The Jefferson County School System which was founded in 1898. However, the first established school in the community was in August 1874, when several families gathered to build a small log building that served as both a church and school. That structure was located on the hill behind present-day Pleasant Ridge Baptist Church. A later grammar school was built on Upper Wickstead Road but burned down in 1907. The following year, Hueytown Grammar School opened with just four teachers for its 100 students. Also located across the street from Pleasant Ridge Baptist Church it faced Dabbs Avenue. The school was replaced with a larger building in 1935 which faced Hueytown Road. That entire structure burned to the ground on the night of March 3, 1949. The present Hueytown Elementary School, which has been expanded many times, first opened in the fall of 1950.

The present Hueytown Intermediate School opened to the students in the fall of 2020. (November 2 or 9)

Other schools serving the city include: Hueytown High School, Hueytown Middle School (formerly Pittman Middle School and Pittman Junior High), Concord Elementary School and North Highland Elementary School. Four private religious schools, Deeper Life Academy, Garywood Christian School, Brooklane Baptist Academy, and Rock Creek Academy are located in Hueytown.

Other schools that served Hueytown in years past have long since been closed. They included Virginia Mines School, Rosa Zinnerman Elementary, and Bell High School. When an F5 tornado destroyed Oak Grove High School and Oak Grove Elementary School on April 8, 1998, students from the Oak Grove high school grades were temporarily relocated to the former Bell School campus until their new school reopened two years later.

Recently the Hueytown High School Marching, Symphonic, and Jazz Bands have gained some prestige by playing at the Alabama Music Educators Association (AMEA) and a dual concert with the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Symphonic and Wind ensembles.

• The Hueytown High School mascot is the Golden Gophers, which came from the Minnesota Golden Gophers National Championship football team, which won the National Championship in 1960, the same year Hueytown was incorporated.

Sports and recreation[edit]

The abbreviation HYT (HueYTown) has become a popular term of reference for Hueytown among some of the residents; it is constantly used for sports. (for example HYT football).

Hueytown High School's football team made it to the Alabama State Playoffs in 1974, 1975, 1995, and 2004. They also made the playoffs in 2006, 2007, and 2008, marking the first time in school history to make three straight appearances. The 2010 team set a school record for wins by going 11–2, but the record was broken the next year by Jameis Winston and company by going 13–1. On June 18, 2009 Hueytown High School's football Coach Jeff Smith resigned. Spain Park High School assistant coach Matt Scott became the new head coach on July 7, 2009. The team made the playoffs once again in the 2010 and 2011 season under Coach Scott. Hueytown also made it to the 2016 state playoffs under Coach Scott Mansell, who was in his third year as head coach.

HHS's softball team has won the Alabama State Softball championship three times in four years: 2005 and 2006 as a 5A school and 2008 as a 6A school under Coach Lissa Walker. They won again in 2011 as a 5A school. After the 2011 season, Coach Walker resigned and was hired as the new coach for the Vestavia softball team. Coach Christie McGuirk was hired in Coach Walker's place to be the new coach for the 2011 season.

In 1974, the Hueytown High School Wrestling Team won the 4A State Championship under the guidance of then head-wrestling coach, Tony Morton.^[14]

Hueytown High School implemented its soccer program in the spring of 2014.

In addition to the public school sports programs, Hueytown offers many other community sports programs. For decades the city has enjoyed a very strong Dixie Youth Baseball program for all eligible age groups. Its Dixie Youth teams use facilities at Hueytown's Bud Newell Park and have seen several of its players eventually make it to the Major Leagues. The city also has a very strong girls fastpitch program that is based at Allison-Bonnett Girls Softball Park, also a city facility. Its Angels league All-Star team won the Dixie World Series championship in the summer of 2003 and its 6U All-Stars won the Alabama State Championship in the summer of 2009. Hueytown also has a Swim Club and a youth football program.

Hueytown also has Youth Soccer which started in 2003.

Hueytown is also home to the Central Alabama Boys & Girls Club, a multimillion-dollar facility that provides a variety of sports and recreation opportunities for the youth of the area, focusing primarily on after school and summer programs. It routinely serves more than 300 children each day.

The Alabama Gang[edit]

Hueytown was home to one of the dominant racing groups in NASCAR, the Alabama Gang. The city's main thoroughfare, Allison-Bonnett Memorial Drive, takes its name from drivers Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Davey Allison, Clifford Allison, and Neil Bonnett. The Alabama Gang also includes racing legend Charles "Red" Farmer. Though not considered a member of The Alabama Gang, Bobby and Donnie's older brother Eddie Allison had an active role in NASCAR for many years as a respected engine builder and still resides in Hueytown. His son, Jacob, is a radio personality on Birmingham, Alabama station WJOX. He also resides in Hueytown.

• Bobby and Donnie Allison were originally from the Miami, Florida area; another member, Red Farmer, was a Nashville, Tennessee native but had raced in the Miami area before moving to Hueytown.

Because of its established motorsports roots, Hueytown was chosen as BMW Motorsport's initial North American base of operations before its first season with the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) in 1975.

Hueytown Hum[edit]

Beginning in late 1991 residents of Hueytown, and other nearby communities, reported hearing a droning low frequency hum at irregular intervals.^[15] The bizarre noises momentarily gained national attention and were reported in the New York Times in April 1992. In a logical conclusion town officials and many residents suspected the source of the hum was a massive $7 million mine ventilation fan with blades 26 feet (7.9 m) in diameter.^[16] From local reports and an informal investigation by ABC World News Tonight, the fan operated by Jim Walter Resources was generally thought to be the culprit. However, JWR (then owned by a subsidiary of KKR) was in bankruptcy proceedings and denied its fan was the source. Following an inconclusive series of studies the hum subsided later in the year, never to return.^[17]

Notable people[edit]

• Bobby Allison, former NASCAR driver
• Davey Allison, late NASCAR driver
• Donnie Allison, former NASCAR driver
• Neil Bonnett, late NASCAR driver
• Russ Davis, baseball player^[18]
• Red Farmer, NASCAR and short track driver
• Jimmy Kitchens, former NASCAR driver^[19]
• Mark Waid, writer
• Jolynn Wilkinson, ARCA driver
• Jameis Winston, Heisman Trophy Winner; NFL Quarterback

References[edit]

• ^ "Municipalities of Alabama Incorporation Dates" (PDF). Alabama League of Municipalities. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
• ^
• Jump up to:
• ^{a b} "2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
• ^
• Jump up to:
• ^{a b} U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hueytown, Alabama
• ^
• Jump up to:
• ^{a b c} "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
• ^
• Jump up to:
• ^{a b} "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
• ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
• ^ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
• ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
• ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
• ^ The Birmingham District, An Industrial History and Guide, 1981, pp. 135-138, by Marjorie L. White
• ^ The Birmingham District (1981), pp. 129 & 309, by Marjorie L. White
• ^ Hueytown Historical Society
• ^ Incorporation Plaque in Hueytown City Hall
• ^ The Bessemer News, Feb. 1974
• ^ Novak, T. Vitton (1995). "A case study of acoustics and vibration of mine fans". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 31 (6). Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers: 1323–1333. doi:10.1109/28.475722.
• ^ Smothers, Ronald (April 14, 1992). "Hueytown Journal; Humming Along, and Howling Mad". New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
• ^ Olinger, David (May 10, 1992). "Hueytown's mysterious Humm". Saint Petersburg Times.
• ^ Barnes, Craig (February 28, 1994). "Davis Out to Take Hueytown... And New York". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2022 – via archive.org.
• ^ Akers, Shawn A. (December 8, 1998). "BUSCH:Billy Kitchens To Drive for Bobby Allison, Dave Carroll". Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

External links[edit]

• City of Hueytown – Official Website
• Hueytown Information Site

Categories:

• Cities in Alabama
• Cities in Jefferson County, Alabama
• Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama

Manufacturing

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the functional constituency in Hong Kong, see Manufacturing (constituency).

Manufacturing of an automobile by Tesla

Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of the secondary sector of the economy.^{[1][unreliable source?]} The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high-tech, but it is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from the primary sector are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles), or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).

Manufacturing engineering is the field of engineering that designs and optimizes the manufacturing process, or the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification. These materials are then modified through manufacturing to become the desired product.

Contemporary manufacturing encompasses all intermediary stages involved in producing and integrating components of a product. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers, use the term fabrication instead.^[2]

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with the engineering and industrial design industries.

Etymology[edit]

The Modern English word manufacture is likely derived from the Middle French manufacture ("process of making") which itself originates from the Classical Latin manū ("hand") and Middle French facture ("making"). Alternatively, the English word may have been independently formed from the earlier English manufacture ("made by human hands") and fracture.^[3] Its earliest usage in the English language was recorded in the mid-16th century to refer to the making of products by hand.^[4][5]

History and development[edit]

Prehistory and ancient history[edit]

See also: Industry (archaeology), Prehistoric technology, and Ancient technology

Flint stone core for making blades in Negev, Israel, c. 40000 BP

A late Bronze Age sword or dagger blade now on display at the National Archaeological Museum in France

Human ancestors manufactured objects using stone and other tools long before the emergence of Homo sapiens about 200,000 years ago.^[6] The earliest methods of stone tool making, known as the Oldowan "industry", date back to at least 2.3 million years ago,^[7] with the earliest direct evidence of tool usage found in Ethiopia within the Great Rift Valley, dating back to 2.5 million years ago.^[8] To manufacture a stone tool, a "core" of hard stone with specific flaking properties (such as flint) was struck with a hammerstone. This flaking produced sharp edges that could be used as tools, primarily in the form of choppers or scrapers.^[9] These tools greatly aided the early humans in their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to form other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood.^[10] The Middle Paleolithic, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the prepared-core technique, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone.^[9] Pressure flaking, in which a wood, bone, or antler punch could be used to shape a stone very finely was developed during the Upper Paleolithic, beginning approximately 40,000 years ago.^[11] During the Neolithic period, polished stone tools were manufactured from a variety of hard rocks such as flint, jade, jadeite, and greenstone. The polished axes were used alongside other stone tools including projectiles, knives, and scrapers, as well as tools manufactured from organic materials such as wood, bone, and antler.^[12]

Copper smelting is believed to have originated when the technology of pottery kiln allowed sufficiently high temperatures.^[13] The concentration of various elements such as arsenic increase with depth in copper ore deposits and smelting of these ores yields arsenical bronze, which can be sufficiently work-hardened to be suitable for manufacturing tools.^[13] Bronze is an alloy of copper with tin; the latter of which being found in relatively few deposits globally delayed true tin bronze becoming widespread. During the Bronze Age, bronze was a major improvement over stone as a material for making tools, both because of its mechanical properties like strength and ductility and because it could be cast in molds to make intricately shaped objects. Bronze significantly advanced shipbuilding technology with better tools and bronze nails, which replaced the old method of attaching boards of the hull with cord woven through drilled holes.^[14] The Iron Age is conventionally defined by the widespread manufacturing of weapons and tools using iron and steel rather than bronze.^[15] Iron smelting is more difficult than tin and copper smelting because smelted iron requires hot-working and can be melted only in specially designed furnaces. The place and time for the discovery of iron smelting is not known, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing metal extracted from nickel-containing ores from hot-worked meteoritic iron.^[16]

During the growth of the ancient civilizations, many ancient technologies resulted from advances in manufacturing. Several of the six classic simple machines were invented in Mesopotamia.^[17] Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the wheel. The wheel and axle mechanism first appeared with the potter's wheel, invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC.^[18] Egyptian paper made from papyrus, as well as pottery, were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean basin. Early construction techniques used by the Ancient Egyptians made use of bricks composed mainly of clay, sand, silt, and other minerals.^[19]

Medieval and early modern[edit]

A stocking frame at Ruddington Framework Knitters' Museum in Ruddington, England

The Middle Ages witnessed new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. Papermaking, a 2nd-century Chinese technology, was carried to the Middle East when a group of Chinese papermakers were captured in the 8th century.^[20] Papermaking technology was spread to Europe by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.^[21] A paper mill was established in Sicily in the 12th century. In Europe the fiber to make pulp for making paper was obtained from linen and cotton rags. Lynn Townsend White Jr. credited the spinning wheel with increasing the supply of rags, which led to cheap paper, which was a factor in the development of printing.^[22] Due to the casting of cannon, the blast furnace came into widespread use in France in the mid 15th century. The blast furnace had been used in China since the 4th century BC.^[13] The stocking frame, which was invented in 1598, increased a knitter's number of knots per minute from 100 to 1000.^[23]

First and Second Industrial Revolutions[edit]

Main articles: Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution

An 1835 illustration of a Roberts Loom weaving shed

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States from 1760 to the 1830s.^[24] This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.^[25]: 40 Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s,^[26] with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.^[25]

An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed down and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, were widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These innovations included new steel making processes, mass-production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.^{[25][27][28][29]}

Building on improvements in vacuum pumps and materials research, incandescent light bulbs became practical for general use in the late 1870s. This invention had a profound effect on the workplace because factories could now have second and third shift workers.^[30] Shoe production was mechanized during the mid 19th century.^[31] Mass production of sewing machines and agricultural machinery such as reapers occurred in the mid to late 19th century.^[32] The mass production of bicycles started in the 1880s.^[32] Steam-powered factories became widespread, although the conversion from water power to steam occurred in England earlier than in the U.S.^[33]

Modern manufacturing[edit]

Bell Aircraft's assembly plant in Wheatfield, New York in 1944

Electrification of factories, which had begun gradually in the 1890s after the introduction of the practical DC motor and the AC motor, was fastest between 1900 and 1930. This was aided by the establishment of electric utilities with central stations and the lowering of electricity prices from 1914 to 1917.^[34] Electric motors allowed more flexibility in manufacturing and required less maintenance than line shafts and belts. Many factories witnessed a 30% increase in output owing to the increasing shift to electric motors. Electrification enabled modern mass production, and the biggest impact of early mass production was in the manufacturing of everyday items, such as at the Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, which electrified its mason jar plant in Muncie, Indiana, U.S. around 1900. The new automated process used glass blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers. A small electric truck was now used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time whereas previously used hand trucks could only carry 6 dozen bottles at a time. Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace. An electric overhead crane replaced 36 day laborers for moving heavy loads across the factory.^[35]

Mass production was popularized in the late 1910s and 1920s by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company,^[32] which introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential production. Ford also bought or designed and built special purpose machine tools and fixtures such as multiple spindle drill presses that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head milling machine that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture. All of these machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining positions. Production of the Ford Model T used 32,000 machine tools.^[36]

Lean manufacturing, also known as just-in-time manufacturing, was developed in Japan in the 1930s. It is a production method aimed primarily at reducing times within the production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers.^[37][38] It was introduced in Australia in the 1950s by the British Motor Corporation (Australia) at its Victoria Park plant in Sydney, from where the idea later migrated to Toyota.^[39] News spread to western countries from Japan in 1977 in two English-language articles: one referred to the methodology as the "Ohno system", after Taiichi Ohno, who was instrumental in its development within Toyota.^[40] The other article, by Toyota authors in an international journal, provided additional details.^[41] Finally, those and other publicity were translated into implementations, beginning in 1980 and then quickly multiplying throughout the industry in the United States and other countries.^[42]

Manufacturing strategy[edit]

According to a "traditional" view of manufacturing strategy, there are five key dimensions along which the performance of manufacturing can be assessed: cost, quality, dependability, flexibility and innovation.^[43]

In regard to manufacturing performance, Wickham Skinner, who has been called "the father of manufacturing strategy",^[44] adopted the concept of "focus",^[45] with an implication that a business cannot perform at the highest level along all five dimensions and must therefore select one or two competitive priorities. This view led to the theory of "trade offs" in manufacturing strategy.^[46] Similarly, Elizabeth Haas wrote in 1987 about the delivery of value in manufacturing for customers in terms of "lower prices, greater service responsiveness or higher quality".^[47] The theory of "trade offs" has subsequently being debated and questioned,^[46] but Skinner wrote in 1992 that at that time "enthusiasm for the concepts of 'manufacturing strategy' [had] been higher", noting that in academic papers, executive courses and case studies, levels of interest were "bursting out all over".^[48]

Manufacturing writer Terry Hill has commented that manufacturing is often seen as a less "strategic" business activity than functions such as marketing and finance, and that manufacturing managers have "come late" to business strategy-making discussions, where, as a result, they make only a reactive contribution.^[49][50]

Industrial policy[edit]

Main article: Industrial policy

Economics of manufacturing[edit]

Emerging technologies have offered new growth methods in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities, for example in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and also for national defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing processes may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals.

The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.^[51]

Finance[edit]

From a financial perspective, the goal of the manufacturing industry is mainly to achieve cost benefits per unit produced, which in turn leads to cost reductions in product prices for the market towards end customers.^{[52][unreliable source?]} This relative cost reduction towards the market, is how manufacturing firms secure their profit margins.^[53]

Safety[edit]

Manufacturing has unique health and safety challenges and has been recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.^[54][55][56]

Manufacturing and investment[edit]

Capacity use in manufacturing in Germany and the United States

Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:

• The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;
• Competitiveness; and
• Attractiveness to foreign direct investors.

In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.^[57][58]

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.^[59] Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries.^[60] A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.^[61] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.

Major manufacturing nations[edit]

See also: Outline of manufacturing § By country

According to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), China is the top manufacturer worldwide by 2019 output, producing 28.7% of the total global manufacturing output, followed by the United States of America, Japan, Germany, and India.^[62][63]

UNIDO also publishes a Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) Index, which measures the competitive manufacturing ability of different nations. The CIP Index combines a nation's gross manufacturing output with other factors like high-tech capability and the nation's impact on the world economy. Germany topped the 2020 CIP Index, followed by China, South Korea, the United States, and Japan.^[64][65]

List of countries by manufacturing output[edit]

These are the top 50 countries by total value of manufacturing output in U.S. dollars for its noted year according to World Bank:^[66]

See also[edit]

• 
• Business portal

• Discrete manufacturing
• Outline of manufacturing
• Process manufacturing
• 3D printing

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Further reading[edit]

• Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (2005). Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall. pp. 22–36, 951–988. ISBN 978-0-13-148965-3.

External links[edit]

Look up manufacturing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manufacturing.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Manufacturing.

• "Manufactures" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• EEF, the manufacturers' organisation – industry group representing uk manufacturers
• Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing
• Evidences of Metal Manufacturing History
• Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
• How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations
• Manufacturing Sector of the National Occupational Research Agenda, US, 2018.

Categories:

• Manufacturing
• Production and manufacturing